"He liʻiliʻi ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu pellet me ka awelika o ka makahiki ma kahi o 9 000 tonnes. Ma hope o ka pilikia ʻole o ka pellet i ka makahiki 2013 i ka wā i hana ʻia ai ma kahi o 29 000 tonnes, ua hōʻike ka ʻāpana i ka ulu nui a hiki i 88 000 tonnes i 2016 a ua manaʻo ʻia e hōʻea i ka liʻiliʻi o 290 000 tonnes e 2021″

Loaʻa iā Chile ka 23 pakeneka o kona ikehu mua mai ka biomass. Loaʻa kēia i ka wahie, kahi wahie i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hoʻomehana home akā pili pū kekahi i ka haumia ea kūloko. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ke holomua nei nā ʻenehana hou a me nā wahie biomass maʻemaʻe a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, e like me nā pellets. ʻO Dr Laura Azocar, he mea noiʻi ma ke Kulanui o La Frontera, hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka pōʻaiapili a me ke kūlana o nā mākeke a me nā ʻenehana e pili ana i ka hana pellet ma Chile.

Wahi a DR AZOCAR, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu mua kekahi hiʻohiʻona o Chile. Pili kēia i nā kuʻuna a me ka moʻomeheu Chile, me ka nui o ka biomass ululāʻau, ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o nā wahie mōʻalihaku, a me ke anuanu a me ka ua hoʻoilo ma ka ʻāpana waena-hema.

He aina ululaau

No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kēia ʻōlelo, pono e ʻōlelo ʻia aia ʻo Chile i kēia manawa he 17.5 miliona ʻeka (ha) o ka ululāʻau: 82 pākēneka o ka ululāʻau maoli, 17 pākēneka o nā mea kanu (ka nui o nā pine a me nā eucalyptus) a me 1 pākēneka o ka hana hui ʻia.

ʻO kēia ka manaʻo ʻoiai ʻo ka ulu wikiwiki i ʻike ʻia e ka ʻāina, me ka loaʻa kālā o kēlā me kēia kapita o US $ 21 000 no ka makahiki a me ka manaʻolana o ke ola o 80 mau makahiki, ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia e pili ana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana home.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka nui o ka ikehu i hoʻopau ʻia no ka hoʻomehana ʻana, he 81 pākēneka mai ka wahie, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o 1.7 miliona mau hale ma Chile e hoʻohana nei i kēia wahie, a hiki i ka nui o ka hoʻohana makahiki ʻoi aku ma mua o 11.7 miliona m³ o ka lāʻau.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi

Hoʻopili pū ʻia ka ʻai nui ʻana i ka wahie i ka haumia ea ma Chile. ʻO 56 ka nui o ka heluna kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi, kokoke i 10 miliona mau kānaka e ʻike ʻia i ka ʻike makahiki o 20 mg i ka m³ o nā mea particulate (PM) ma lalo o 2.5 pm (PM2.5).

ʻO ka hapalua o kēia PM2.5 ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia i ka puhi ʻana i ka wahie. Eia kekahi, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka wahie he carbon dioxide (C02), ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā kapuahi e hōʻike ana i nā hoʻokuʻu C02 e like me ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka ʻaila a me nā kapuahi wai wai.

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o nā pae o ka hoʻonaʻauao ma Chile ua loaʻa i kahi kaiāulu ikaika i hoʻomaka e hōʻike i nā koi e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻoilina kūlohelohe a mālama i ke kaiapuni.

Me ka mea i luna aʻe nei, ua hiki i ka ʻāina ke kū i kēia mau pilikia ma o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou a me nā wahie hou e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pono o ka hoʻomehana home. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea ʻē aʻe ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i nā pellets.

Hoʻopau i ka umu

Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka hoihoi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pellets ma Chile ma kahi o 2009 i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ka lawe ʻana mai o nā umu pellet a me nā paila mai ʻEulopa. Eia naʻe, ʻo ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka lawe ʻana mai he mea paʻakikī a ua lohi ka lawe ʻana.

No ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kona hoʻohana ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ka Ministry of Environment i kahi umu a me kahi papahana hoʻololi o ka paila i ka makahiki 2012 no nā ʻāpana noho a me nā ʻoihana, Mahalo i kēia papahana hoʻololi, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ma luna o 4 000 mau ʻāpana i ka makahiki 2012, kahi helu i hoʻonui ʻia me ka ka hui pū ʻana o kekahi mau mea hana ʻenehana kūloko.

Loaʻa ka hapalua o kēia mau kapuahi a me nā paila ma ka ʻāpana noho, 28 pakeneka ma nā keʻena aupuni a ma kahi o 22 pakeneka ma ka ʻoihana ʻoihana.

ʻAʻole wale nā ​​pellets lāʻau

Hana ʻia nā pellets ma Chile mai ka radiata pine (Pinus radiata), kahi mea kanu maʻamau. I ka makahiki 2017, aia he 32 mau mea kanu pellet o nā ʻano nui like ʻole i puʻunaue ʻia ma nā wahi waena a me Hema o ka ʻāina.

- He liʻiliʻi ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu pellet me ka awelika o ka makahiki ma kahi o 9 000 tonnes. Ma hope o ka pilikia o ka pellet shortage i ka makahiki 2013 i ka manawa wale nō ma kahi o 29 000 tonnes i hana ʻia, ua hōʻike ka ʻāpana i ka ulu nui a hiki i 88 000 tonnes ma 2016 a ua manaʻo ʻia e hōʻea i ka liʻiliʻi 190 000 tonnes e 2020, wahi a Dr Azocar.

ʻOiai ka nui o ka biomass ululāʻau, ua loaʻa i kēia hui "hoʻomau" ʻo Chile ka hoihoi i ka ʻaoʻao o nā ʻoihana a me nā mea noiʻi i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea maka no ka hana ʻana i nā wahie biomass densified. Nui nā National Research Centers a me nā Kulanui i kūkulu i ka noiʻi ma kēia wahi.

Ma ke Kulanui o La Frontera, ua hoʻomohala ka Waste and Bioenergy Management Center, nona ka BIOREN Scientific Nucleus a pili pū me ke Keʻena ʻEnekinia Kemika, i kahi ala kānana no ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumu biomass kūloko me ka ikehu.

ʻAi Hazelnut a me ka mauʻu palaoa

Ua ʻike ʻia ka hazelnut husk ʻo ia ka biomass me nā ʻano maikaʻi loa e puhi ʻia. Eia kekahi, ua kū i waho ka ʻōpala palaoa no kona loaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka hopena o ke kaiapuni i hana ʻia e ka hana maʻamau o ka ʻōpala a me ka ʻōpala. He hua nui ka palaoa ma Chile, ulu ma kahi o 286 000 ha a e hooulu ana ma kahi o 1.8 miliona tone mauu i ka makahiki.

I ka hihia o nā ʻōpala hazelnut, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻopau pololei ʻia kēia biomass, ua kālele ka noiʻi i kona hoʻohana ʻana no ka hana pellet. ʻO ke kumu ke kū nei i ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā wahie biomass paʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo kūloko, kahi i alakaʻi ai nā kulekele lehulehu i ke pani ʻana i nā kapuahi lāʻau me nā kapuahi pellet, e hana i nā pilikia o ka haumia ea kūloko.

Ua hōʻeuʻeu nā hopena, hōʻike nā ʻike mua e hoʻokō kēia mau pellets i nā ʻāpana i hoʻokumu ʻia no nā pellets kumu lāʻau e like me ISO 17225-1 (2014).

I ka hihia o ka mauʻu palaoa, ua hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo torrefaction i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o kēia biomass e like me ka nui ʻole, ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka waiwai calorific haʻahaʻa, i waena o kekahi.

ʻO Torrefaction, kahi kaʻina hana wela i hana ʻia ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa ma lalo o kahi kaiapuni inert, i hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia no kēia koena mahiʻai. Hōʻike nā hopena mua i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka ikehu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me ka waiwai calorific ma nā kūlana hana haʻahaʻa ma lalo o 150 ℃.

ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka pellet ʻeleʻele i hana ʻia ma ka pae hoʻokele me kēia biomass torrefied i hōʻike ʻia e like me ka European standard ISO 17225-1 (2014). Ua maikaʻi nā hualoaʻa, hiki i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mānoanoa ʻike mai 469 kg i ka m³ a i 568 kg i ka m³ mahalo i ke kaʻina hana mua o ka torrefaction.

ʻO nā luʻi e kali nei e pili ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻenehana e hōʻemi i ka ʻike o nā microelements i loko o ka torrefied wheat straw pellets i mea e hoʻokō ai i kahi huahana hiki ke komo i ka mākeke aupuni, e kōkua ana i ka hakakā ʻana i nā pilikia kūlohelohe e pili ana i ka ʻāina.