"He liʻiliʻi ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu pellet me ka awelika o ka makahiki ma kahi o 9 000 tonnes.Ma hope o nā pilikia pilikia o ka pellet i ka makahiki 2013 i ka wā i hana ʻia ai ma kahi o 29 000 tonnes wale nō, ua hōʻike ka ʻāpana i ka ulu nui a hiki i 88 000 tonnes i 2016 a ua manaʻo ʻia e hōʻea ma kahi o 290 000 tonnes e 2021″
Loaʻa iā Chile ka 23 pakeneka o kona ikehu mua mai ka biomass.Loaʻa kēia i ka wahie, kahi wahie i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hoʻomehana home akā pili pū kekahi i ka pollution ea kūloko.I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ke holomua nei nā ʻenehana hou a me nā wahie biomass maʻemaʻe a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, e like me nā pellets.ʻO Dr Laura Azocar, he mea noiʻi ma ke Kulanui o La Frontera, hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka pōʻaiapili a me ke kūlana o nā mākeke a me nā ʻenehana e pili ana i ka hana pellet ma Chile.
Wahi a DR AZOCAR, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu mua kekahi hiʻohiʻona o Chile.Pili kēia i nā moʻomeheu a me ka moʻomeheu Chile, me ka nui o ka biomass ululāʻau, ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o nā wahie mōʻalihaku, a me nā hoʻoilo anu a me ka ua ma ka ʻāpana waena-hema.
He aina ululaau
No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kēia ʻōlelo, pono e ʻōlelo ʻia aia ʻo Chile i kēia manawa he 17.5 miliona ʻeka (ha) o ka ululāʻau: 82 pākēneka o ka ululāʻau maoli, 17 pākēneka o nā mea kanu (ka nui o nā paina a me ka eucalyptus) a me ka 1 pākēneka o ka hana ʻana i hui ʻia.
ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻāina, me ka loaʻa kālā o kēlā me kēia kapita o US $ 21 000 no ka makahiki a me ka manaʻolana o ke ola o 80 mau makahiki, ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke ʻano o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana home.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka nui o ka ikehu i hoʻopau ʻia no ka hoʻomehana ʻana, he 81 pākēneka mai ka wahie, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o 1.7 miliona mau hale ma Chile e hoʻohana nei i kēia wahie, a hiki i ka nui o ka hoʻohana makahiki ʻoi aku ma mua o 11.7 miliona m³ o ka lāʻau.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi
Hoʻopili pū ʻia ka ʻai nui ʻana i ka wahie i ka haumia ea ma Chile.ʻO 56 ka nui o ka heluna kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi, kokoke i 10 miliona mau kānaka e ʻike ʻia i ka ʻike makahiki o 20 mg i ka m³ o nā mea particulate (PM) ma lalo o 2.5 pm (PM2.5).
ʻO ka hapalua o kēia PM2.5 ka mea i pili i ka puhi ʻana i ka wahie / No nā kumu he nui e like me ka lāʻau maloʻo maikaʻi ʻole, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka umu a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa maikaʻi ʻole o nā hale.Eia kekahi, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka wahie he kalapona ʻokikene (C02), ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā kapuahi e hōʻike ana i nā hoʻokuʻu C02 e like me ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka ʻaila a me nā kapuahi wai wai.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o nā pae o ka hoʻonaʻauao ma Chile ka mea i hoʻomaka ai i kahi kaiāulu i hoʻomaka e hōʻike i nā koi e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻoilina kūlohelohe a mālama i ke kaiapuni.
Me nā mea i luna aʻe nei, ua hiki i ka ʻāina ke kū i kēia mau pilikia ma o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou a me nā wahie hou e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pono o ka hoʻomehana home.ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea ʻē aʻe ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i nā pellets.
Puhi i waho
Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka hoihoi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pellets ma Chile ma kahi o 2009 i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ka lawe ʻana mai o nā umu pellet a me nā paila mai ʻEulopa.Eia naʻe, ʻo ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka lawe ʻana mai he mea paʻakikī a ua lohi ka lawe ʻana.
No ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kona hoʻohana ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ka Ministry of Environment i kahi umu a me kahi papahana hoʻololi o ka paila i ka makahiki 2012 no nā ʻāpana noho a me nā ʻoihana, Mahalo i kēia papahana hoʻololi, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ma luna o 4 000 mau ʻāpana i ka makahiki 2012, kahi helu i hoʻonui ʻia me ka ka hui ʻana o kekahi mau mea hana ʻenehana kūloko.
Loaʻa ka hapalua o kēia mau kapuahi a me nā paila ma ka ʻāpana noho, 28 pakeneka ma nā hale aupuni a ma kahi o 22 pakeneka ma ka ʻoihana ʻoihana.
ʻAʻole wale nā pellets lāʻau
Hana ʻia nā pellets ma Chile mai ka radiata pine (Pinus radiata), kahi mea kanu maʻamau.I ka makahiki 2017, aia he 32 mau mea kanu pellet o nā ʻano nui like ʻole i hoʻolaha ʻia ma nā wahi waena a me Hema o ka ʻāina.
- He liʻiliʻi ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu pellet me ka awelika o ka makahiki ma kahi o 9 000 tonnes.Ma hope o ka pilikia o ka pellet shortage i ka makahiki 2013 i ka manawa wale nō ma kahi o 29 000 tonnes i hana ʻia, ua hōʻike ka ʻāpana i ka ulu nui a hiki i ka 88 000 tonnes ma 2016 a ua manaʻo ʻia e hiki i ka liʻiliʻi o 190 000 tonnes e 2020, wahi a Dr Azocar.
ʻOiai ka nui o ka biomass ululāʻau, ua loaʻa i kēia hui "hoʻomau" Chilean hou i ka hoihoi ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā ʻoihana a me nā mea noiʻi i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe no ka hana ʻana i nā wahie biomass densified.Nui nā National Research Centers a me nā Kulanui i kūkulu i ka noiʻi ma kēia wahi.
Ma ke Kulanui o La Frontera, ua kūkulu ka Waste and Bioenergy Management Center, nona ka BIOREN Scientific Nucleus a pili pū me ke Keʻena ʻEnekinia Kemimi, i kahi ʻano kānana no ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumu biomass kūloko me ka ikehu.
ʻAi Hazelnut a me ka mauʻu palaoa
Ua ʻike ʻia ka hazelnut husk ʻo ia ka biomass me nā ʻano maikaʻi loa e puhi ʻia.Eia kekahi, ua kū i waho ka ʻōpala palaoa no kona loaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka hopena o ke kaiapuni i hana ʻia e ka hana maʻamau o ka ʻōpala a me ka ʻōpala.He hua nui ka palaoa ma Chile, ulu ma kahi o 286 000 ha a e hooulu ana ma kahi o 1.8 miliona tone mauu i ka makahiki.
I ka hihia o nā huss hazelnut, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻopau pololei ʻia kēia biomass, ua kālele ka noiʻi i kona hoʻohana ʻana no ka hana pellet.ʻO ke kumu ke kū nei i ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā wahie biomass paʻa e hoʻololi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo kūloko, kahi i alakaʻi ai nā kulekele aupuni i ke pani ʻana i nā kapuahi lāʻau me nā kapuahi pellet, e hana i nā pilikia o ka haumia ea kūloko.
Ua hōʻeuʻeu nā hopena, ʻike ʻia nā ʻike mua e hoʻokō kēia mau pellets i nā ʻāpana i hoʻokumu ʻia no nā pellets kumu lāʻau e like me ISO 17225-1 (2014).
I ka hihia o ka mauʻu palaoa, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua torrefaction i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o kēia biomass e like me ka nui ʻole, ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka waiwai calorific haʻahaʻa, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO Torrefaction, kahi kaʻina hana wela i hana ʻia ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa ma lalo o kahi kaiapuni inert, i hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia no kēia koena mahiʻai.Hōʻike nā hopena mua i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka ikehu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me ka waiwai calorific ma nā kūlana hana haʻahaʻa ma lalo o 150 ℃.
ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka pellet ʻeleʻele i hana ʻia ma ka pae hoʻokele me kēia biomass torrefied i hōʻike ʻia e like me ka European standard ISO 17225-1 (2014).Ua maikaʻi nā hopena, hiki i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mānoanoa ʻike ʻia mai 469 kg i ka m³ a i 568 kg i kēlā me kēia m³ mahalo i ke kaʻina hana mua o ka torrefaction.
ʻO nā pilikia e kali nei e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻenehana e hōʻemi i ka ʻike o nā microelements i ka torrefied wheat straw pellets i mea e hoʻokō ai i kahi huahana hiki ke komo i ka mākeke aupuni, e kōkua ana i ka hakakā ʻana i nā pilikia kūlohelohe e pili ana i ka ʻāina.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-10-2020